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Vision Transformer(VIT)代码分析

陈铭
2024-03-19 / 0 评论 / 0 点赞 / 233 阅读 / 7,127 字 / 正在检测是否收录...

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原文链接

https://blog.csdn.net/qq_38683460/article/details/127346916

代码分析

在分下代码之前,我们先看下VIT的网络结构,如下图:
image-1710816745382

从上面的框图可以看出,VIT的主要组成结构大致可以分为三部分,分别是Patch Embeding、Transformer Encoder、MLP Head三部分。我们下面分析代码也是主要从这三部分进行分析,先分析每个小模块做了什么事情,再分析整个VIT的架构。

DropPath模块

def drop_path(x, drop_prob: float = 0., training: bool = False):
    """
    Drop paths (Stochastic Depth) per sample (when applied in main path of residual blocks).
    This is the same as the DropConnect impl I created for EfficientNet, etc networks, however,
    the original name is misleading as 'Drop Connect' is a different form of dropout in a separate paper...
    See discussion: https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu/issues/494#issuecomment-532968956 ... I've opted for
    changing the layer and argument names to 'drop path' rather than mix DropConnect as a layer name and use
    'survival rate' as the argument.
    """
    
    if drop_prob == 0. or not training:
        return x
    # 保留的分支概率
    keep_prob = 1 - drop_prob
    # shape (b, 1, 1, 1),其中x.ndim输出结果为x的维度,即4。目的是为了创建一个失活矩阵。
    shape = (x.shape[0],) + (1,) * (x.ndim - 1)  # work with diff dim tensors, not just 2D ConvNets

    random_tensor = keep_prob + torch.rand(shape, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
    # 向下取整用于确定保存哪些样本,floor_()是floor的原位运算
    random_tensor.floor_()  # binarize
    # 除以keep_drop让一部分分支失活,恒等映射
    output = x.div(keep_prob) * random_tensor
    return output


class DropPath(nn.Module):
    """
    Drop paths (Stochastic Depth) per sample  (when applied in main path of residual blocks).
    """

    def __init__(self, drop_prob=None):
        super(DropPath, self).__init__()
        self.drop_prob = drop_prob

    def forward(self, x):
        return drop_path(x, self.drop_prob, self.training)

在Encoder Block中使用了两个DropPath,我们先来简单介绍下什么是DropPath。DropPath是随机的将深度学习中的多分支结构进行删除,而Dropout 是对神经元随机 “失效”。假设在前向传播中有如下的代码:

x = x + self.drop_path( self.conv(x) )

那么在drop_path分支中,每个batch有drop_prob的概率样本在 self.conv(x) 不会 “执行”,会以0直接传递。若x为输入的张量,其通道为[B,C,H,W],那么drop_path的含义为在一个Batch_size中,随机有drop_prob的样本,不经过主干,而直接由分支进行恒等映射。需要注意的是,不能通过下面的方法进行drop_path:

x = self.drop_path(x)

Patch Embeding

上面解释了DropPath的用法,下面我们来看下Patch Embeding的用法,先上代码。

class PatchEmbed(nn.Module):
    """
    2D Image to Patch Embedding
    """
    def __init__(self, img_size=224, patch_size=16, in_c=3, embed_dim=768, norm_layer=None):
        super().__init__()
        img_size = (img_size, img_size)
        patch_size = (patch_size, patch_size)
        self.img_size = img_size
        self.patch_size = patch_size
        # 14*14
        self.grid_size = (img_size[0] // patch_size[0], img_size[1] // patch_size[1])
        # 196
        self.num_patches = self.grid_size[0] * self.grid_size[1]
        # 不同的模型emd_dim会变化
        self.proj = nn.Conv2d(in_c, embed_dim, kernel_size=patch_size, stride=patch_size)
        # 传入nor_mlayer就使用传入的norm_layer,否则就使用Identity不用做任何操作
        self.norm = norm_layer(embed_dim) if norm_layer else nn.Identity()

    def forward(self, x):
        # 获取图片的大小信息
        B, C, H, W = x.shape
        # 传入的图片高和宽和预设的不一样就会报错,VIT模型里面输入的图像大小必须是固定的
        assert H == self.img_size[0] and W == self.img_size[1], \
            f"Input image size ({H}*{W}) doesn't match model ({self.img_size[0]}*{self.img_size[1]})."

        # flatten: [B, C, H, W] -> [B, C, HW]
        # transpose: [B, C, HW] -> [B, HW, C]
        # 进过卷积之后从第2维度开始展平,之后再交换1,2维度(为了计算方便)
        x = self.proj(x).flatten(2).transpose(1, 2)
        x = self.norm(x)
        # print(s.shape)
        return x

我们来看下这个模块的最终输出结果是什么,把上面的print(s.shape)注释给取消掉(输入的图像大小为(224,224)),看下输出结果。

torch.Size([1, 196, 768])

可以看到输入一个大小为(1,3,224,224)的矩阵后,经过Patch Embeding后变成了[1, 196, 768],也就是把我们之前输入的二位矩阵都变成了一维向量了,这个时候就可以使用Transformer来进行建模了,因为Transformer只能接受一维向量。

Multi-Head Attention

下面这个模块使我们整个VIT的核心,我们来对每句代码进行逐一分析,看看是怎么实现Transformer里面的注意力机制的。

class Attention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self,
                 dim,  # 输入token的dim,768
                 num_heads=8, # 8个头,实例化的时候是12个头
                 qkv_bias=False, 
                 qk_scale=None,
                 attn_drop_ratio=0.,
                 proj_drop_ratio=0.):
        super(Attention, self).__init__()
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        # 计算每个head的dim,直接均分操作。
        head_dim = dim // num_heads
        # 计算分母,q,k相乘之后要除以一个根号下dk。
        self.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5
        # 直接使用一个全连接实现q,k,v。
        self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop_ratio)
        # 多头拼接之后通过W进行映射,跟上面的q,k,v一样,也是通过全连接实现。
        self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)
        self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop_ratio)

    def forward(self, x):
        # [batch_size, num_patches + 1, total_embed_dim],即(B,197,768)
        B, N, C = x.shape

        # qkv(): -> [batch_size, num_patches + 1, 3 * total_embed_dim]
        # reshape: -> [batch_size, num_patches + 1, 3, num_heads, embed_dim_per_head],即(B,197,3,12,64)
        # permute: -> [3, batch_size, num_heads, num_patches + 1, embed_dim_per_head],即(3,B,12,197,64)
        # C // self.num_heads:每个head的q,k,v对应的维度
        # Linear函数可以接收多维的矩阵输入但是只对最后一维起效果,其他维度不变。permute()函数用于调整维度。
        qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, N, 3, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
        # [batch_size, num_heads, num_patches + 1, embed_dim_per_head]
        # 通过切片获取q,k,v
        q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # make torchscript happy (cannot use tensor as tuple)

        # transpose: -> [batch_size, num_heads, embed_dim_per_head, num_patches + 1]
        # @: multiply -> [batch_size, num_heads, num_patches + 1, num_patches + 1]。@为矩阵乘法,q,k是多维矩阵,只有最后两个维度进行矩阵乘法。
        # 每个head的q,k进行相乘。输出维度大小为(1,12,197,197)
        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scale
        # 在最后一个维度,即每一行进行softmax处理
        attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)
        # softmax处理后要经过一个dropout层
        attn = self.attn_drop(attn)

        # @: multiply -> [batch_size, num_heads, num_patches + 1, embed_dim_per_head]
        # transpose: -> [batch_size, num_patches + 1, num_heads, embed_dim_per_head]
        # reshape: -> [batch_size, num_patches + 1, total_embed_dim]
        # q,k矩阵相乘的结果要和v相乘得到一个加权结果,输出维度为(1,12,197,64),然后交换1,2维度,再进行reshape操作,其实这个reshape操作就是对多头的拼接,得到最后的输出shape为(1,197,768)
        x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, C)
        # 经过Woy映射,也就是一个全连接层
        x = self.proj(x)
        # 经过一个dropout层。一般全连接后面都跟一个dropout层
        x = self.proj_drop(x)
        return x

上面的代码基本上每句都给了注释,有些地方可能会让人有点费解,就是下面这句话:

qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, N, 3, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)

MLP

上面我们把VIT的核心代码理了一下,下面的内容就不比较简单了,就是对这些模块的拼接,在介绍这些模块的拼接之前,我们还是先把MLP这个结构先看下,如下图。
image-1710816931521

class Mlp(nn.Module):
    """
    MLP as used in Vision Transformer, MLP-Mixer and related networks
    """

    def __init__(self, in_features, hidden_features=None, out_features=None, act_layer=nn.GELU, drop=0.):
        super().__init__()
        out_features = out_features or in_features
        hidden_features = hidden_features or in_features
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(in_features, hidden_features)
        self.act = act_layer()
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(hidden_features, out_features)
        self.drop = nn.Dropout(drop)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.fc1(x)
        x = self.act(x)
        x = self.drop(x)
        x = self.fc2(x)
        x = self.drop(x)
        return x

MLP的结构比较简答,代码也比较好理解,其中有一点需要注意,就是第一个全连接之后把输出维度剩了4倍,第二个全连接又将其还原回去。

Block

上面简单看了下MLP的代码,比较简单,就不过多介绍了,下面我们再来看下Block这个模块,我们的Transformer Encoder就是对其进行堆叠12次得到的,我们再来看下Encoder Block模块,如下图:
image-1710816963073
下面我们来分析下代码:

class Block(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self,
                 dim,
                 num_heads, # 第一个全连接的倍率
                 mlp_ratio=4.,
                 qkv_bias=False,
                 qk_scale=None,
                 drop_ratio=0., # 对应multi-head attention最后全连接层的失活比例
                 attn_drop_ratio=0.,# q,k矩阵相乘之后通过softmax之后的全连接层的失活比例
                 drop_path_ratio=0., # 框图中Droppath失活比例。也可以使用dropout,没啥影响
                 act_layer=nn.GELU,
                 norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm):
        super(Block, self).__init__()
        # layernorm层
        self.norm1 = norm_layer(dim)
        # 实例化上面讲的Attention类
        self.attn = Attention(dim, num_heads=num_heads, qkv_bias=qkv_bias, qk_scale=qk_scale,
                              attn_drop_ratio=attn_drop_ratio, proj_drop_ratio=drop_ratio)
        # NOTE: drop path for stochastic depth, we shall see if this is better than dropout here
        # 失活比例大于0就实例化DropPath,否者不做任何操作
        self.drop_path = DropPath(drop_path_ratio) if drop_path_ratio > 0. else nn.Identity()
        # 第二个layernorm层
        self.norm2 = norm_layer(dim)
        # 第一个全连接之后输出维度翻四倍
        mlp_hidden_dim = int(dim * mlp_ratio)
        # 实例化mlp
        self.mlp = Mlp(in_features=dim, hidden_features=mlp_hidden_dim, act_layer=act_layer, drop=drop_ratio)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = x + self.drop_path(self.attn(self.norm1(x)))
        x = x + self.drop_path(self.mlp(self.norm2(x)))
        return x

VisionTransformer

上面所有的模块我们都创建好了,下面就到了最后的拼接部分了,结合上面的模块搭建我们的VisionTransformer模块,直接看代码:

class VisionTransformer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, img_size=224, patch_size=16, in_c=3, num_classes=1000,
                 embed_dim=768, depth=12, num_heads=12, mlp_ratio=4.0, qkv_bias=True,
                 qk_scale=None, representation_size=None, distilled=False, drop_ratio=0.,
                 attn_drop_ratio=0., drop_path_ratio=0., embed_layer=PatchEmbed, norm_layer=None,
                 act_layer=None):
        """
        Args:
            img_size (int, tuple): input image size
            patch_size (int, tuple): patch size
            in_c (int): number of input channels
            num_classes (int): number of classes for classification head
            embed_dim (int): embedding dimension
            depth (int): depth of transformer,就是我们上面的Block堆叠多少次
            num_heads (int): number of attention heads
            mlp_ratio (int): ratio of mlp hidden dim to embedding dim
            qkv_bias (bool): enable bias for qkv if True
            qk_scale (float): override default qk scale of head_dim ** -0.5 if set
            representation_size (Optional[int]): enable and set representation layer (pre-logits) to this value if set。对应的是最后的MLP中的pre-logits中的全连接层的节点个数。默认是none,也就是不会去构建MLP中的pre-logits,mlp中只有一个全连接层。
            distilled (bool): model includes a distillation token and head as in DeiT models。为了兼容Deit模型,不用管。
            drop_ratio (float): dropout rate
            attn_drop_ratio (float): attention dropout rate
            drop_path_ratio (float): stochastic depth rate
            embed_layer (nn.Module): patch embedding layer
            norm_layer: (nn.Module): normalization layer
        """
        super(VisionTransformer, self).__init__()
        self.num_classes = num_classes
        self.num_features = self.embed_dim = embed_dim  # num_features for consistency with other models
        # 不用管distilled,所有self.num_tokens=1
        self.num_tokens = 2 if distilled else 1
        #norm_layer默认为none,所有norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm,用partial方法给一个默认参数。partial 函数的功能就是:把一个函数的某些参数给固定住,返回一个新的函数。
        norm_layer = norm_layer or partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6)
        # act_layer默认等于GELU函数
        act_layer = act_layer or nn.GELU
		# 通过embed_layer构建PatchEmbed
        self.patch_embed = embed_layer(img_size=img_size, patch_size=patch_size, in_c=in_c, embed_dim=embed_dim)
        # 获得num_patches的总个数196
        num_patches = self.patch_embed.num_patches
		# 创建一个cls_token,形状为(1,768),直接通过0矩阵进行初始化,后面在训练学习。下面要和num_patches进行拼接,加上一个类别向量,从而变成(197,768)
        self.cls_token = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, 1, embed_dim))
        # 不用管,用不到,因为distilled默认为none
        self.dist_token = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, 1, embed_dim)) if distilled else None
        # 创建一个位置编码,形状为(197,768)
        self.pos_embed = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, num_patches + self.num_tokens, embed_dim))
        # 此处的dropout为加上位置编码后的dropout层
        self.pos_drop = nn.Dropout(p=drop_ratio)
		# 根据传入的drop_path_ratio构建一个等差序列,总共depth个元素,即在每个Encoder Block中的失活比例都不一样。默认为0,可以传入参数改变。
        dpr = [x.item() for x in torch.linspace(0, drop_path_ratio, depth)]  # stochastic depth decay rule
        # 构建blocks,首先通过列表创建depth次,也就是12次。然后通过nn.Sequential方法把列表中的所有元素打包成整体赋值给self.blocks。
        self.blocks = nn.Sequential(*[
            Block(dim=embed_dim, num_heads=num_heads, mlp_ratio=mlp_ratio, qkv_bias=qkv_bias, qk_scale=qk_scale,
                  drop_ratio=drop_ratio, attn_drop_ratio=attn_drop_ratio, drop_path_ratio=dpr[i],
                  norm_layer=norm_layer, act_layer=act_layer)
            for i in range(depth)
        ])
        # 通过norm_layer层
        self.norm = norm_layer(embed_dim)

        # distilled不用管,只用看representation_size即可,如果有传入representation_size,在MLP中就会构建pre-logits。否者直接 self.has_logits = False,然后执行self.pre_logits = nn.Identity(),相当于没有pre-logits。
        if representation_size and not distilled:
            self.has_logits = True
            self.num_features = representation_size
            self.pre_logits = nn.Sequential(OrderedDict([
                ("fc", nn.Linear(embed_dim, representation_size)),
                ("act", nn.Tanh())
            ]))
        else:
            self.has_logits = False
            self.pre_logits = nn.Identity()

        # 整个网络的最后一层全连接层,输出就是分类类别个数,前提要num_classes > 0
        self.head = nn.Linear(self.num_features, num_classes) if num_classes > 0 else nn.Identity()
        self.head_dist = None
        if distilled:
            self.head_dist = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.num_classes) if num_classes > 0 else nn.Identity()

        # 权重初始化
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.pos_embed, std=0.02)
        if self.dist_token is not None:
            nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.dist_token, std=0.02)

        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.cls_token, std=0.02)
        self.apply(_init_vit_weights)

    def forward_features(self, x):
        # [B, C, H, W] -> [B, num_patches, embed_dim]
        # 先进性patch_embeding处理
        x = self.patch_embed(x)  # [B, 196, 768]
        # [1, 1, 768] -> [B, 1, 768]
        # 对cls_token在batch维度进行复制batch_size份
        cls_token = self.cls_token.expand(x.shape[0], -1, -1)
        # self.dist_token默认为none。
        if self.dist_token is None:
        	# 在dim=1的维度上进行拼接,输出shape:[B, 197, 768]
            x = torch.cat((cls_token, x), dim=1)  # [B, 197, 768]
        else:
            x = torch.cat((cls_token, self.dist_token.expand(x.shape[0], -1, -1), x), dim=1)
		# 位置编码后有个dropout层
        x = self.pos_drop(x + self.pos_embed)
        # 通过我们刚才构建好的blocks层。
        x = self.blocks(x)
        # 再通过一个normlayer层
        x = self.norm(x)
        # 提取clc_token对应的输出,也就是提取出类别向量。
        if self.dist_token is None:
        	# 返回所有的batch维度和第二个维度上面索引为0的数据
            return self.pre_logits(x[:, 0])
        else:
            return x[:, 0], x[:, 1]

    def forward(self, x):
    	# 首先将x传给forward_features()函数,输出shape为(1,768)
        x = self.forward_features(x)
        # self.head_dist默认为none,自动执行else后面的语句
        if self.head_dist is not None:
            x, x_dist = self.head(x[0]), self.head_dist(x[1])
            if self.training and not torch.jit.is_scripting():
                # during inference, return the average of both classifier predictions
                return x, x_dist
            else:
                return (x + x_dist) / 2
        else:
        	# 输出特征大小为(1,1000),对应1000分类
            x = self.head(x)
        return x

构建VIT模型

上面我们把VIT所有的代码都分析清除了,并且搭建了VisionTransformer,你以为到这就结束了吗?还没有,下面我们对VisionTransformer再进行封装以方便我们直接调用。按惯例,直接上代码:

def vit_base_patch16_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
	# num_classes表示分类类别个数,因为原始代码是在ImageNet21k上预训练的,所以这里为21843.
	# has_logits:是否有这个模块,预训练的时候是有的,不加也可以,这样就只剩全连接层了
    """
    ViT-Base model (ViT-B/16) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    weights ported from official Google JAX impl:
    https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vitjx/jx_vit_base_patch16_224_in21k-e5005f0a.pth
    """
    # 创建模型
    # img_size:图像尺寸
    # patch_size:图像切块大小
    # 图像切块后每个小块的向量维度大小,即送入multi-head attention模块的向量长度
    # depth:block模块的堆叠次数
    # num_heads:采用几头注意力
    # representation_size:pre-logits里面用的
    # num_classes:分类类别数
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=16,
                              embed_dim=768,
                              depth=12,
                              num_heads=12,
                              representation_size=768 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model


def vit_base_patch32_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
    """
    ViT-Base model (ViT-B/32) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    weights ported from official Google JAX impl:
    https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vitjx/jx_vit_base_patch32_224_in21k-8db57226.pth
    """
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=32,
                              embed_dim=768,
                              depth=12,
                              num_heads=12,
                              representation_size=768 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model


def vit_large_patch16_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
    """
    ViT-Large model (ViT-L/16) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    weights ported from official Google JAX impl:
    https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vitjx/jx_vit_large_patch16_224_in21k-606da67d.pth
    """
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=16,
                              embed_dim=1024,
                              depth=24,
                              num_heads=16,
                              representation_size=1024 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model


def vit_large_patch32_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
    """
    ViT-Large model (ViT-L/32) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    weights ported from official Google JAX impl:
    https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vitjx/jx_vit_large_patch32_224_in21k-9046d2e7.pth
    """
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=32,
                              embed_dim=1024,
                              depth=24,
                              num_heads=16,
                              representation_size=1024 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model


def vit_huge_patch14_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
    """
    ViT-Huge model (ViT-H/14) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    NOTE: converted weights not currently available, too large for github release hosting.
    """
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=14,
                              embed_dim=1280,
                              depth=32,
                              num_heads=16,
                              representation_size=1280 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model

# 模型测试
if __name__ == "__main__":
    model = vit_base_patch16_224_in21k(num_classes=1000, has_logits=False)
    data = torch.rand(1, 3, 224, 224)
    out = model(data)
    # print(out.shape)

从上面的代码可以看到,总共5个模型,从上到下复杂的依次递增,上面介绍了一vit_base_patch16_224_in21k这个模型的创建配置参数,其他模型的参数大同小异。

完整代码

"""
original code from rwightman:
https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/blob/master/timm/models/vision_transformer.py
"""
from functools import partial
from collections import OrderedDict

import torch
import torch.nn as nn


def drop_path(x, drop_prob: float = 0., training: bool = False):
    """
    Drop paths (Stochastic Depth) per sample (when applied in main path of residual blocks).
    This is the same as the DropConnect impl I created for EfficientNet, etc networks, however,
    the original name is misleading as 'Drop Connect' is a different form of dropout in a separate paper...
    See discussion: https://github.com/tensorflow/tpu/issues/494#issuecomment-532968956 ... I've opted for
    changing the layer and argument names to 'drop path' rather than mix DropConnect as a layer name and use
    'survival rate' as the argument.
    """
    if drop_prob == 0. or not training:
        return x
    keep_prob = 1 - drop_prob
    shape = (x.shape[0],) + (1,) * (x.ndim - 1)  # work with diff dim tensors, not just 2D ConvNets

    random_tensor = keep_prob + torch.rand(shape, dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
    random_tensor.floor_()  # binarize
    output = x.div(keep_prob) * random_tensor
    return output


class DropPath(nn.Module):
    """
    Drop paths (Stochastic Depth) per sample  (when applied in main path of residual blocks).
    """

    def __init__(self, drop_prob=None):
        super(DropPath, self).__init__()
        self.drop_prob = drop_prob

    def forward(self, x):
        return drop_path(x, self.drop_prob, self.training)


class PatchEmbed(nn.Module):
    """
    2D Image to Patch Embedding
    """

    def __init__(self, img_size=224, patch_size=16, in_c=3, embed_dim=768, norm_layer=None):
        super().__init__()
        # (224,224)
        img_size = (img_size, img_size)
        # (16,16)
        patch_size = (patch_size, patch_size)
        self.img_size = img_size
        self.patch_size = patch_size
        # (14,14)
        self.grid_size = (img_size[0] // patch_size[0], img_size[1] // patch_size[1])
        # 196
        self.num_patches = self.grid_size[0] * self.grid_size[1]

        self.proj = nn.Conv2d(in_c, embed_dim, kernel_size=patch_size, stride=patch_size)
        self.norm = norm_layer(embed_dim) if norm_layer else nn.Identity()

    def forward(self, x):
        B, C, H, W = x.shape
        assert H == self.img_size[0] and W == self.img_size[1], \
            f"Input image size ({H}*{W}) doesn't match model ({self.img_size[0]}*{self.img_size[1]})."

        # flatten: [B, C, H, W] -> [B, C, HW]
        # transpose: [B, C, HW] -> [B, HW, C]
        x = self.proj(x).flatten(2).transpose(1, 2)
        x = self.norm(x)
        # print(x.shape)
        return x


class Attention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self,
                 dim,  # ??token?dim
                 num_heads=8,
                 qkv_bias=False,
                 qk_scale=None,
                 attn_drop_ratio=0.,
                 proj_drop_ratio=0.):
        super(Attention, self).__init__()
        self.num_heads = num_heads
        head_dim = dim // num_heads
        self.scale = qk_scale or head_dim ** -0.5
        self.qkv = nn.Linear(dim, dim * 3, bias=qkv_bias)
        self.attn_drop = nn.Dropout(attn_drop_ratio)
        self.proj = nn.Linear(dim, dim)
        self.proj_drop = nn.Dropout(proj_drop_ratio)

    def forward(self, x):
        # [batch_size, num_patches + 1, total_embed_dim]
        B, N, C = x.shape

        # qkv(): -> [batch_size, num_patches + 1, 3 * total_embed_dim]
        # reshape: -> [batch_size, num_patches + 1, 3, num_heads, embed_dim_per_head]
        # permute: -> [3, batch_size, num_heads, num_patches + 1, embed_dim_per_head]
        qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, N, 3, self.num_heads, C // self.num_heads).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
        # [batch_size, num_heads, num_patches + 1, embed_dim_per_head]
        q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]  # make torchscript happy (cannot use tensor as tuple)
        # transpose: -> [batch_size, num_heads, embed_dim_per_head, num_patches + 1]
        # @: multiply -> [batch_size, num_heads, num_patches + 1, num_patches + 1]
        attn = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * self.scale
        attn = attn.softmax(dim=-1)
        attn = self.attn_drop(attn)

        # @: multiply -> [batch_size, num_heads, num_patches + 1, embed_dim_per_head]
        # transpose: -> [batch_size, num_patches + 1, num_heads, embed_dim_per_head]
        # reshape: -> [batch_size, num_patches + 1, total_embed_dim]
        # print((attn @ v).shape)
        x = (attn @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, N, C)
        # print(x.shape)
        x = self.proj(x)
        x = self.proj_drop(x)
        return x


class Mlp(nn.Module):
    """
    MLP as used in Vision Transformer, MLP-Mixer and related networks
    """

    def __init__(self, in_features, hidden_features=None, out_features=None, act_layer=nn.GELU, drop=0.):
        super().__init__()
        out_features = out_features or in_features
        hidden_features = hidden_features or in_features
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(in_features, hidden_features)
        self.act = act_layer()
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(hidden_features, out_features)
        self.drop = nn.Dropout(drop)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.fc1(x)
        x = self.act(x)
        x = self.drop(x)
        x = self.fc2(x)
        x = self.drop(x)
        return x


class Block(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self,
                 dim,
                 num_heads,
                 mlp_ratio=4.,
                 qkv_bias=False,
                 qk_scale=None,
                 drop_ratio=0.,
                 attn_drop_ratio=0.,
                 drop_path_ratio=0.,
                 act_layer=nn.GELU,
                 norm_layer=nn.LayerNorm):
        super(Block, self).__init__()
        self.norm1 = norm_layer(dim)
        self.attn = Attention(dim, num_heads=num_heads, qkv_bias=qkv_bias, qk_scale=qk_scale,
                              attn_drop_ratio=attn_drop_ratio, proj_drop_ratio=drop_ratio)
        # NOTE: drop path for stochastic depth, we shall see if this is better than dropout here
        self.drop_path = DropPath(drop_path_ratio) if drop_path_ratio > 0. else nn.Identity()
        self.norm2 = norm_layer(dim)
        mlp_hidden_dim = int(dim * mlp_ratio)
        self.mlp = Mlp(in_features=dim, hidden_features=mlp_hidden_dim, act_layer=act_layer, drop=drop_ratio)

    def forward(self, x):
        x = x + self.drop_path(self.attn(self.norm1(x)))
        x = x + self.drop_path(self.mlp(self.norm2(x)))
        return x


class VisionTransformer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, img_size=224, patch_size=16, in_c=3, num_classes=1000,
                 embed_dim=768, depth=12, num_heads=12, mlp_ratio=4.0, qkv_bias=True,
                 qk_scale=None, representation_size=None, distilled=False, drop_ratio=0.,
                 attn_drop_ratio=0., drop_path_ratio=0., embed_layer=PatchEmbed, norm_layer=None,
                 act_layer=None):
        """
        Args:
            img_size (int, tuple): input image size
            patch_size (int, tuple): patch size
            in_c (int): number of input channels
            num_classes (int): number of classes for classification head
            embed_dim (int): embedding dimension
            depth (int): depth of transformer
            num_heads (int): number of attention heads
            mlp_ratio (int): ratio of mlp hidden dim to embedding dim
            qkv_bias (bool): enable bias for qkv if True
            qk_scale (float): override default qk scale of head_dim ** -0.5 if set
            representation_size (Optional[int]): enable and set representation layer (pre-logits) to this value if set
            distilled (bool): model includes a distillation token and head as in DeiT models
            drop_ratio (float): dropout rate
            attn_drop_ratio (float): attention dropout rate
            drop_path_ratio (float): stochastic depth rate
            embed_layer (nn.Module): patch embedding layer
            norm_layer: (nn.Module): normalization layer
        """
        super(VisionTransformer, self).__init__()
        self.num_classes = num_classes
        self.num_features = self.embed_dim = embed_dim  # num_features for consistency with other models
        self.num_tokens = 2 if distilled else 1
        norm_layer = norm_layer or partial(nn.LayerNorm, eps=1e-6)
        act_layer = act_layer or nn.GELU

        self.patch_embed = embed_layer(img_size=img_size, patch_size=patch_size, in_c=in_c, embed_dim=embed_dim)
        num_patches = self.patch_embed.num_patches

        self.cls_token = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, 1, embed_dim))
        self.dist_token = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, 1, embed_dim)) if distilled else None
        self.pos_embed = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(1, num_patches + self.num_tokens, embed_dim))
        self.pos_drop = nn.Dropout(p=drop_ratio)

        dpr = [x.item() for x in torch.linspace(0, drop_path_ratio, depth)]  # stochastic depth decay rule
        self.blocks = nn.Sequential(*[
            Block(dim=embed_dim, num_heads=num_heads, mlp_ratio=mlp_ratio, qkv_bias=qkv_bias, qk_scale=qk_scale,
                  drop_ratio=drop_ratio, attn_drop_ratio=attn_drop_ratio, drop_path_ratio=dpr[i],
                  norm_layer=norm_layer, act_layer=act_layer)
            for i in range(depth)
        ])
        self.norm = norm_layer(embed_dim)

        # Representation layer
        if representation_size and not distilled:
            self.has_logits = True
            self.num_features = representation_size
            self.pre_logits = nn.Sequential(OrderedDict([
                ("fc", nn.Linear(embed_dim, representation_size)),
                ("act", nn.Tanh())
            ]))
        else:
            self.has_logits = False
            self.pre_logits = nn.Identity()

        # Classifier head(s)
        self.head = nn.Linear(self.num_features, num_classes) if num_classes > 0 else nn.Identity()
        self.head_dist = None
        if distilled:
            self.head_dist = nn.Linear(self.embed_dim, self.num_classes) if num_classes > 0 else nn.Identity()

        # Weight init
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.pos_embed, std=0.02)
        if self.dist_token is not None:
            nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.dist_token, std=0.02)

        nn.init.trunc_normal_(self.cls_token, std=0.02)
        self.apply(_init_vit_weights)

    def forward_features(self, x):
        # [B, C, H, W] -> [B, num_patches, embed_dim]
        x = self.patch_embed(x)  # [B, 196, 768]
        # [1, 1, 768] -> [B, 1, 768]
        cls_token = self.cls_token.expand(x.shape[0], -1, -1)
        if self.dist_token is None:
            x = torch.cat((cls_token, x), dim=1)  # [B, 197, 768]
        else:
            x = torch.cat((cls_token, self.dist_token.expand(x.shape[0], -1, -1), x), dim=1)

        x = self.pos_drop(x + self.pos_embed)
        x = self.blocks(x)
        x = self.norm(x)
        if self.dist_token is None:
            return self.pre_logits(x[:, 0])
        else:
            return x[:, 0], x[:, 1]

    def forward(self, x):
        x = self.forward_features(x)
        if self.head_dist is not None:
            x, x_dist = self.head(x[0]), self.head_dist(x[1])
            if self.training and not torch.jit.is_scripting():
                # during inference, return the average of both classifier predictions
                return x, x_dist
            else:
                return (x + x_dist) / 2
        else:
            x = self.head(x)
            print(x.shape)

        return x


def _init_vit_weights(m):
    """
    ViT weight initialization
    :param m: module
    """
    if isinstance(m, nn.Linear):
        nn.init.trunc_normal_(m.weight, std=.01)
        if m.bias is not None:
            nn.init.zeros_(m.bias)
    elif isinstance(m, nn.Conv2d):
        nn.init.kaiming_normal_(m.weight, mode="fan_out")
        if m.bias is not None:
            nn.init.zeros_(m.bias)
    elif isinstance(m, nn.LayerNorm):
        nn.init.zeros_(m.bias)
        nn.init.ones_(m.weight)


def vit_base_patch16_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
    """
    ViT-Base model (ViT-B/16) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    weights ported from official Google JAX impl:
    https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vitjx/jx_vit_base_patch16_224_in21k-e5005f0a.pth
    """
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=16,
                              embed_dim=768,
                              depth=12,
                              num_heads=12,
                              representation_size=768 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model


def vit_base_patch32_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
    """
    ViT-Base model (ViT-B/32) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    weights ported from official Google JAX impl:
    https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vitjx/jx_vit_base_patch32_224_in21k-8db57226.pth
    """
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=32,
                              embed_dim=768,
                              depth=12,
                              num_heads=12,
                              representation_size=768 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model


def vit_large_patch16_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
    """
    ViT-Large model (ViT-L/16) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    weights ported from official Google JAX impl:
    https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vitjx/jx_vit_large_patch16_224_in21k-606da67d.pth
    """
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=16,
                              embed_dim=1024,
                              depth=24,
                              num_heads=16,
                              representation_size=1024 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model


def vit_large_patch32_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
    """
    ViT-Large model (ViT-L/32) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    weights ported from official Google JAX impl:
    https://github.com/rwightman/pytorch-image-models/releases/download/v0.1-vitjx/jx_vit_large_patch32_224_in21k-9046d2e7.pth
    """
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=32,
                              embed_dim=1024,
                              depth=24,
                              num_heads=16,
                              representation_size=1024 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model


def vit_huge_patch14_224_in21k(num_classes: int = 21843, has_logits: bool = True):
    """
    ViT-Huge model (ViT-H/14) from original paper (https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.11929).
    ImageNet-21k weights @ 224x224, source https://github.com/google-research/vision_transformer.
    NOTE: converted weights not currently available, too large for github release hosting.
    """
    model = VisionTransformer(img_size=224,
                              patch_size=14,
                              embed_dim=1280,
                              depth=32,
                              num_heads=16,
                              representation_size=1280 if has_logits else None,
                              num_classes=num_classes)
    return model


if __name__ == "__main__":
    model = vit_base_patch16_224_in21k(num_classes=5, has_logits=False)
    data = torch.rand(1, 3, 224, 224)
    out = model(data)
    # print(out.shape)
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